Advertising And Its Effects On Society - 844 Words

Medoff and Kaye, described newspaper ads, televisions commercials, billboards, coffee mugs imprinted with a logo, and flyers left on windshields as a form of advertising (2011, p.130). According to Medoff and Kaye, advertising serves an educational, social and economic purpose (2011, p.137). Although advertising appears beneficial in many features, it too has its drawbacks and can be similarly unfavorable. Advertising will perhaps become increasingly ubiquitous, increasingly influential, and increasingly controversial (Advertising, 2011, p.152). Advertising is highly criticized, not so much for its very nature but because of its content, its negative influences on society, and the types of products it promotes (2011, p. 152). Critics of advertising scream for relief from the over commercialized world that it creates explained Medoff and Kaye (2011, p.152). This chapter revealed arguments made by critics concerning advertising. For one, critics suggest that advertising encourages greed or materialism (Advertising, 2011, p.153). Moreover, Medoff and Kaye explain how critics claim that people purchase things they really do not need, but merely for the sake of acquiring goods (2011, p. 153). This I have observed through some of my friends and family members. Often they remain in competition to see who could be the first to get the next newest smart phone or the bigger flat screen television. While there is nothing wrong with the current smart phone or flat screen television,Show MoreRelatedEffect Of Advertising On Society Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesTalking about advertising, on the one hand, it is good for its functions, displays, etc.; on the other hand, sometimes it is too good to be true, the way they bring the messages to the consumers which state â€Å"the number one †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What truly are the miscommunications and how d o the viewers react to different types of stimulation among those, are there negative or positive results? This review of literature scope was led by the following question: When it comes to communication and advertising are there positiveRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effects On Society1167 Words   |  5 PagesCome To Advertising has found ways to be subtle about how they go about demeaning and dehumanizing different genders, races, ages, ethnicities, cultures, and sexual orientations. Society would like to believe that advertising has improved from the days of showing women’s place in the kitchen and only having light skinned models but now advertising companies have just become sneakier and wittier about the way they portray people and the worst part is that society encourages it. Society, as a wholeRead MoreThe Effect Of Advertising On Society1911 Words   |  8 Pagespromotions as they see it as an essential tool in an increasingly capitalistic free market to fuel economic growth. Unfortunately, the surge of unchecked advertising has lead to some adverse effects on societies whether they be moral or ethical in nature. The SAFRA gym advertisement, is an impeccable example of the adverse effects of advertising in today’s society. The advertisement depicts a lean woman who is wear ing purple tank top and tight black leggings working out uncomfortably, as two men watched herRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Society1442 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct. Although sometimes advertising can be quite annoying, it can also help in persuading you to buy a product or service. You may be looking for a specific product for a specific purpose or maybe you have heard of a product simply through its exemplary advertising. There are different viewpoints to advertising and many different ways that it appeals and relates to us as individuals and as a society. Today, in order for the advertisements to stay true to their advertising, there has been a set ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On The Society936 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket; conversely competition can go too far or form into something entirely different. In addition, some companies will do anything to boost sales even if that means sacrificing common etiquette or logic to the masses and against their rivals. Adv ertising is always evolving and adapting, and for now companies and their advertisers through their advertisements are appearing more cynical and critical by the day. Competition has been a motivating force since man was created. It is a driving pressureRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Advertising on Society 1585 Words   |  7 PagesIn a society where malls have replaced parks, churches and community gatherings, many people no longer take time to meet their neighbors; people move frequently as though cities are products to be tried, like differing brands of shampoo. These unfortunate occurrences can be the result of many causes, one of them being advertising. Advertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twistsRead More The Effects Of Advertising On Society Essay573 Words   |  3 Pages The Effects of Advertising on Society nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fr. Kavanaugh was on the mark when describing the effects of advertising on society. Our moral values are being degraded by the bombardment of impropriety by the media. Adler would be quick in pointing out the reason why these messages have such a negative effect on people. There are two main tactics advertisers use to sell their product: either imply that their product will bring about the achievement of a particular (usuallyRead MoreNegative Effects Of Advertising On Society713 Words   |  3 PagesSociety is constantly being exposed to loads of information through advertisements, but not many people stop to think of the effects of such exposure. Consumer’s lack of regard for the information thrown at them is a gateway for shady corporations to poison innocent minds. Society has an unknown poison- advertisement. Massive corporations get away with influencing the minds of unsuspecting masses by merely stating that advertisements from their company simply inform the public. Advertising can haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Our Society1504 Words   |  7 Pagesunrealistic ideology of body perfection. This kind of product pushing comes with many different side effects that we as a consumer, might not realize. It is so detrimental that it becomes imbedded in your subconscious. Technology has made it to the point where it’s hard to tell what is real and fake. Advertising has created a pandemic in the way we view the body image of ourselves and the opposite sex in society. The â€Å"perfect† image is damaging to people causing an alarming growth in the form of psychologicalRead MorePhotography in Advertising and Its Effects on Society3789 Words   |  16 Pagesfocused on documenting dying traditions, practices, and ways of life. In 1874, the Society for Photographing the Relics of Old London was founded. In 1897 the National Photographic Record Association was founded by Sir Benjamin Stone with the aim of documenting dying rural ceremonies and traditional festivals in England.(McQuire 125) Even as early as 1855, Sir Fredrick Pollock, in a speech to the Photographic Society of London stressed the importance of the camera in its role to forever preserve

Salem Witch Trials A Part Of History - 1018 Words

Karen Addington US History 112 Dr. Patricia Hoskins May 20, 2016 Salem Witch Trials Like Slavery the Salem Witch Trials are a part of history that all would like to erase. In Salem Massachusetts the colonist were mostly made up of Puritans. Puritans were lead on the firm foundation that the Bible was, is and still the only word. This lead to the belief that this was the only way to convict, judge and execute those of a satanic faith, such as witch craft. The Salem Witch Trials were mostly conducted between the months of February 1692 through the middle of May 1693. By the end of this period over 200 men, women and children were accused of being witches. These accusations were brought on by a group of girls in age of 12 to 20 years old. To fully understand what took place in Salem we need to know what the Bible, Satan and Puritans are all about. At this time as well, there were other laws being created that would allow Protestants to openly worship. This lead to a large amount of tension among the Puritans that believed this type of religion was t he work of the devil. The life of a Puritan was the Bible and the word of it. The Bible clearly states that witch craft, fortune tellers and sorcery are evil. In the Bible Satan is evil, he tricks and deceives humans in an attempt to cause them to do evil. To participate in witch craft was considered to be making a pact with Satan. Puritans believed and lived by the word of the God. The word of God is not to be taken lightly orShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials : An Indelible Part Of American History Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials, enforced the belief that Puritan ministers spoke for God himself, and also that their opinions were infallible. At least twenty people were killed because of false accusations, and hundreds had their names and reputations torn apart over accusations that they practiced witchcraft (Norton, 2002). Strict Puritan values, a fear of witchcraft, and the counsel of local pastors created the mass hysteria that made the Salem Witch Tr ials an indelible part of American history. WhileRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : A Public Choice Perspective843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem witch trials are a memorable period in time that had a huge impact on American society. Many people are still questioning this historical event and what lead to the people of Salem developing that particular mentality. Benjamin Ray’s, â€Å"Salem witch trials† grants primary source historical documents to support the allegations of the witch trials in that period. On the other hand, Franklin and Len’s â€Å"The allocation of death in the Salem witch trials: A public choice perspective† focuses primarilyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1358 Words   |  6 Pagesproduced in 1996 and portrayed the dramatized play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The movie story deals with the Salem, Massachusetts hysteria in 1692 with an irrational fear of the devil. Witch hunts and false accusations resulted. Trials took place and resulted in the hanging and associat ed death of more than 20 people and the false imprisonment of many others. B. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft. â€Å"From June through September ofRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican History took place. The Salem witch trials was one of the most catastrophic events worldwide in which people were accused, hanged, or sent to jail. During this time there was also a lot of chaos going on in Salem when some girls started accusing innocent people of being witches and being responsible for all the trouble that was going on the town. Even though not all those individuals were sentenced to death, there were still three causes or theories of why the Salem witch trials might haveRead MoreTerror Of A Mass Hysteria Hoax1082 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the sixteenth century, witch trials caused the deaths of thousands as chaos spread throughout Europe. Many European villages in history have witnessed witch executions and the imprisonment of suspected witches. The Cr ucible, along with the Salem Witch Trials and the European witch trials, have many similarities and differences that make them both memorable and important. The Salem Witch Trials lasted from, roughly, February 1692 to May of 1963. The trials in Salem were started by a group ofRead MoreSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye While researching texts written about the Salem Witch Trials, I found a few authors who published articles and books about the Salem Witch Trials. These authors often showed that the most likely cause of the fits coming from the victims was produced by ergot of rye. However, I could not find much discussion about another important source of the fits’ cause: witchcraft. My goal in this paper is to produce a convincing argument that the victims during the Salem WitchRead MoreWilliam Miller s The Crucible1262 Words   |  6 Pages 1.Participate in the Salem Witch Trials. Write a paragraph response, as the accused, describing your feelings. Salem Witchcraft Hysteria. National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 2005. Web. 24 Sept. 2015. As the accused I feel hurt, betray and sorrowful. I have known these people all my life. We have grown up together and now they are believing a group of young girls saying that I am a witch. I don’t understand! I am a good Christian woman. I can not confess to witchcraftRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : The Witch Trial Hysteria920 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Witch Trial Hysteria In 1692 the actions of three girls quickly launched Salem onto the path of committing one of the largest witch hunts the New World has ever known. The witch hunt was fueled by a mass hysteria among the townspeople, this hysteria was the result of the strictness of their society and a number of internal and external stressors. The initial wave of panic when rumors of witchcraft arose gave way to compete hysteria when accusations began. Salem massachusetts was the perfectRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagestheir assumptions as to what specifically caused the Salem Witch Trials, no one has a definite account. One must use logic and prior knowledge to come to the conclusion and realize that multiple factors play a key role in causing the trials. The Salem Witch Trials were caused by religion, politics, teenage boredom, family feuds, economic conditions, and fears of the people. The overall effect of the trials was a major part in American history, not only was it a learning experience for but also presentRead MoreHistorical Journalism At The Salem Witch Trials863 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Journalism at the Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials are one of the best known outbreaks of hysteria and fear in American history. This event began when Betty Parris, who was a daughter of Salem’s church’s minister, and Abigail Williams, who was her cousin, experiences several occasions of odd, violent behavior that they blamed on witchcraft. They accused two white women, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, as well as a slave, Tituba, of practicing witchcraft in the village. The three

At the Turn of a Dime free essay sample

The only thing I could think of as I stood at the end of the vault runway were my sweaty feet. As a nervous habit, I fidgeted, making it obvious that I felt a little uneasy. It seemed silly that I had trained so many demanding hours to perform this one vault skill, and that I was still anxious. Once I saluted the judge indicating I was ready, I thrust all negative thoughts to the back of my mind and launched into an aggressive sprint hurtling towards the vault. The next two seconds consisted of me holding my breath as I pushed off the vault table and completed a full 360 degree flip until I landed on my feet almost with ease. Immediately, I felt joy swell inside of me as I knew I had just performed the best vault I had ever done in my entire gymnastics career. As I walked back to the end of the running strip, my teammates clapped me on the back giving encouragement and support. We will write a custom essay sample on At the Turn of a Dime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The exhilaration I had felt after my first vault supplied me with adrenaline. When I began my second vault, I pounded down the runway with new energy and power. However, once I was in the process of flipping, I knew something was wrong. I ended up landing short, causing my ligaments to jam and tear within my left ankle. The audience that was once before bubbling with exuberance, instantly became deflated and silent as I lay there motionless on the mat. But I didn’t cry, I just gritted my teeth. I didn’t scream, I just shook my head. And I didn’t get up, I just sat there clutching my ankle with one hand while resting my head on the other, face down. Sharp pains exploded through my ankle and I could feel everyone’s stares burning a hole right through me. Needless to say, I probably scared the pants off my parents. From success to disappointment, I had learned that life could change on a dime. After this incident, I dedicated my time to my recovery and I began to understand that in the real world, people experience ups and downs too. Whether it may be about losing a job or going through a heartbreak, it’s the recuperation process that helps strengthen our character. While I was frustrated at first with my injury, I learned to cope with it and began to feel optimistic about how it could help me in the long run. I was determined to not let this slow me down, but rather build it up as a motivation and an extra push. Gymnastics has been my building blocks for life that I will continue to carry with me into the future. All the countless hours toiling away in the gym have given me the basic fundamentals for achieving accomplishments in life. I have been able to utilize these skills that I have learned, such as determination, perseverance, and time management, and use them to my advantage in school and work experiences. Getting home at a late hour every night has forced me to efficiently get my homework done since I know I don’t have a minute to spare, and when I help my parents in their flower shop, I make good use of my time. The principle of time management has been drilled into my head after so many years of steadily keeping my busy schedule on track. I have attained the qualities of patience, dedication, and focus patience in the way that I can accept the drawbacks along the way to achieve something greater, dedication in the way my willingness can persevere challenges without giving up, and focus in the way I can accomplish anything by being mentally tough. I intend to employ these attributes that I have gained from gymnastics as I begin my quest into the real world.

Police Officer Loyalty free essay sample

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the phenomenon of police officer friendship and loyalty, A look at the controversial issue of police officer mutual loyalty and how it may affect the department, investigations and decisions made by officers. This becomes a controversial issue when one officer is accused of a crime or misconduct and others do not testify against the officer. Police officers work in an isolated environment, and socially, for the most part, they are surrounded by their fellow officers. It is not unusual for them to build long and fast friendships with their fellow officers, both at work, and in social situations, similar to war situations, where men under fire make lifelong friendships. The Police are a fraternity whose members are bound together by the difficulties, dangers and challenges of their job as enforcers of the law and protectors of the citizenry. It is arguably one of the more high-risk jobs, as one misjudgment in the pursuit of a criminal can produce serious injury or death. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Officer Loyalty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Solidarity and loyalty are essential to survival (Vitalis).

Inspiring and Celebratory 40th Birthday Quotes

Inspiring and Celebratory 40th Birthday Quotes Your 40th birthday welcomes you into grand middle age- or as some like to think of it, the sweet spot. This decade doesnt have the casual immaturity of youth, nor does it have the constant dependency of old age. Gone are the days when you are busy settling in your marriage or career, and youve long said goodbye to the angst-filled teenage years and the roller-coaster ride of your twenties. At forty, you have earned your place in the sun. You have carved yourself a niche and established your identity. Enjoy your fortieth turn around the sun in quiet reflection on four decades of a beautiful life, starting with these age-appropriate quotes. Famous Quotes About Turning 40 Benjamin FranklinAt twenty years of age, the will reigns; at thirty, the wit; and at forty, the judgment. Helen RowlandWhat most persons consider as virtue, after the age of 40 is simply a loss of energy. AnonymousAt the age of twenty, we dont care what the world thinks of us; at thirty, we worry about what it is thinking of us; at forty, we discover that it wasnt thinking of us at all. Arthur SchopenhauerThe first forty years of life give us the text: the next thirty supply the commentary. Helen RowlandLife begins on your 40th birthday. But so do fallen arches, rheumatism, faulty eyesight, and the tendency to tell a story to the same person, three or four times. George Bernard ShawEvery man over forty is a scoundrel. Edward YoungBe wise with speed; a fool at forty is a fool indeed. French ProverbForty is the old age of youth; fifty is the youth of old age. CiceroThis wine is forty years old. It certainly doesnt show its age.(Latin: Hoc vinum Falernum annorum quadragenta est. Bene aetatem fert.) Colleen McCulloughThe lovely thing about being forty is that you can appreciate twenty-five-year-old men. Maya AngelouWhen I passed forty I dropped pretense, cause men like women who got some sense. Laura RandolphIf life really begins on your 40th birthday, its because thats when women finally get it†¦ the guts to take back their lives. James ThurberWomen deserve to have more than twelve years between the ages of twenty eight and forty. Samuel BeckettTo think, when one is no longer young, when one is not yet old, that one is no longer young, that one is not yet old, that is perhaps something. W.  B. PitkinLife begins at forty.

Example of Molar Mass Calculation

Example of Molar Mass Calculation You can calculate the molar mass or the mass of one mole of an element or molecule if you know the formula for the substance and have a periodic table or table of atomic masses. Here are some worked examples of the molar mass calculation. How to Calculate Molar Mass The molar mass is the mass of one mole of a sample. To find the molar mass, add the atomic masses (atomic weights) of all of the atoms in the molecule. Find the atomic mass for each element by using the mass given in the Periodic Table or table of atomic weights. Multiply the subscript (number of atoms) times the atomic mass of that element and add the masses of all of the elements in the molecule to get the molecular mass. Molar mass usually is expressed in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Molar Mass of an Element The molar mass of sodium metal is the mass of one mole of Na. You can look up that answer from the table: 22.99 g. You may be wondering why the molar mass of sodium isnt just twice its atomic number, the sum of the protons and neutrons in the atom, which would be 22. This is because the atomic weights given in the periodic table are an average of the weights of the isotopes of an element. Basically, the number of protons and neutrons in an element may not be the same. The molar mass of oxygen is the mass of one mole of oxygen. Oxygen forms a divalent molecule, so this is the mass of one mole of O2. When you look up the atomic weight of oxygen, you find it is 16.00 g. Therefore, the molar mass of oxygen is: 2 x 16.00 g 32.00 g Molar Mass of a Molecule Apply the same principles to calculate the molar mass of a molecule. The molar mass of water is the mass of one mole of H2O. Add together the atomic masses of all of the atoms of hydrogen and water in a molecule of water: 2 x 1.008 g (hydrogen) 1 x 16.00 g (oxygen) 18.02 g For more practice, download or print these molar mass worksheets: Formula or Molar Mass Worksheet (pdf)Formula or Molas Mass Worksheet Answers (pdf)

Reactive extrusion of TPE-E nanocomposites Case Study

Reactive extrusion of TPE-E nanocomposites - Case Study Example It is very difficult to do extrusion blending with TPEE because it has a low melt viscosity and tension. Its melt viscosity and tension can be increased by adding branching agent during polymerization. Even with this increase, it is not sufficient to perform extrusion blowing. There are several attempts, which have been made to increase melt viscosity and tension during extrusion by use of a chain extender during melt polymerization. Reduction of crystallization time through reactive extrusion of PBT with the use of diepoxy group as a chain extender provides a simpler method of getting high molecular weight of PBT than the conventional method of poly-condensation. Researchers acknowledge that multifunctional polymers such as TMP, TME and trimesic acid can be used to produce high molecular weight of PET. There is an effect of the modified m-MDI in the blending process of PET since the increase of m-MDI increases the molecular weight of PET. However the reaction should not be abled to continue for a long time and m-MDI should not be added because there will be crosslinking of the product because of the excessive reaction of isocyanate. This will later affect the ductility of the blend. In a situation where the correct amount of m-MDI is used then the molecular weight of PET is reduced with increasing time of blending. This is because of degradation hydrolytic and isocyanate group. It is very important to complete the process within a short time to avoid degradation. If the time is not enough to complete the process of forming urethane then there will be production of carbon dioxide by unreacted isocyanate groups at the stage of post extrusion. fluoromica pristine clay modified with alkyl-ammoniums (ODTMA) Moreover, the unreacted group of isocyanate might result into undesirable side reaction at the post processing stage (Brown & Alder, Pp 35). Hence, it is very important to ensure that the process is completed and the physical properties are maintained. The best processing parameters for blending m-MDI and TPEE must be found. The current thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPE) is characterized by qualities such as excellent heat resistance, resistant to light, heat-aging resistance, and good in block order retaining ability and low temperature traits. The TPE is made up of hard section, which consists of polyester, which comprises of aromatic dicarboxylic acid and aliphatic or alicyclic diol, and a soft section, which consists of aliphatic polycarbonate as the main ingredient. Through which where the hard and soft section becomes connected, and the melting points of the TPE are arrived at by taking their measurements using a differential scanning calorimeter in three stages. First temperature is raised from room temperature to 3000 C, at a 200 C/min heating rate, then for three minutes maintain temperatures at 3000 C after which lower it to room temperature at a cooling rate of 1000 C/min. (Tm1 – Tm3) obtains the melting point differ ence (Brown, Alder, 65). Materials pTMEG, 1,4-BD, Irganox 1010 and modifies m-MDI, MM103C. In addition, poly (butylene terephthalate) was also used. In addition phenol, together with 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane, CF3COOD and TBT were used without any purification. The inner viscosity of the polymer was determined by use ubbelohde viscometer at 35 degrees (Chang, Pp 54). Usually IV is

Sheesha smoking Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Sheesha smoking - Dissertation Example It also makes an attempt to reveal the factors that work behind Shisha smoking and encourage this within the society. Also the paper vouches for legal regulation towards Shisha smoking and tries to increase the awareness level of the common people regarding the same. Introduction There is a universal consensus on the dangers posed by tobacco in cigarette. It has been established by many studies that cigarette smoking is indeed injurious to health. Cigarette smoking has been directly linked to many cases of lung cancer. Studies have shown cancerous diseases such as lung cancer is strongly linked to smoking cigarettes and causes around 87% of death worldwide, (Parkin et al 2005). Therefore, it is not wrong to assume smoking tobacco related diseases have reached an epidemic scale. The scale and the problems associated with smoking have always been noted in epidemiological research (Siegel, 2007). However, the social phenomenon of its severity has recently been highlighted due to several reasons, mainly due to increase in mortality rates. Unfortunately, not all forms of tobacco smoking have been subjected to the same regulations (policies) and health campaigns as cigarette smoking. Unlike cigarette smokers, Shisha smokers are unaware of the ill effects of smoking Shisha. ... The frequent instances of minors below 18 years indulging in Shisha smoking might be a reflection of this lack in awareness. (Barton, Chassin and Sherman, 1982) Furthermore smoking cigarettes outweighs the other forms of smoking by quite a large margin, that has also resulted in less concern and awareness towards other forms of smoking such as Shisha.(Chaaya,2004) According to the World Health Organization the health risk associated with Shisha smoking is even worse than that of cigarette, yet it is not adequately highlighted (WHO, 2005). This lack of acknowledgement from the authorities regarding the health hazard Shisha poses makes the case even worse. Till date there are no health warnings or regulations on Shisha, even though it presents dangerous implications. Lack of regulations or warning reinstate the false idea Shisha smokers have about the effects of Shisha on health (Feng et al, 2007) A description of the Shisha is as follows: It consists of a vase filled with water, to wh ich a vertical metal pipe that has a clay pot on top is attached. The tobacco substances are placed and burned with charcoal in the clay pot. The smoke is then filtered through water and inhaled through the hose. (see appendix 1) Shisha is an ancient form of smoking tobacco. It was traditionally widely used in Africa and Asia (Chattopadhyay, 2000). It is increasingly evolving world wide, especially in Europe and America. The factors that are contributing to this dramatic spread of Shisha might be due to the global integration and the myth and perception of Shisha being less harmful. Contrary to this ancient traditional philosophy, Shisha contains numerous toxic substance and gases known to cause lung

Stinky Laundry Business Analysis Essay Example for Free

Stinky Laundry Business Analysis Essay Table of Contents Table of Contents2 1. Background4 The general nature of this business activity4 Benefits to society in terms of need satisfaction4 Why we chose this business venture5 2. Idea description6 The nature of our products and services6 Reasons why consumers will buy our products/services7 Our special services7 3. Idea feasibility8 4. Location11 7 important site selection factors11 Location of business12 How location factors apply to our business12 5. Enterprise Forms13 Type of enterprise13 Factors of selection of enterprise13 Legal name of business13 6. The Environment14 Internal environment14 Market Environment15 Macro environment of South Africa17 ? 1. Background The general nature of this business activity The cleaning of garments and other fabrics, that get dirty from everyday use, has always been a difficult task. Machines have reduced the labour but not much has changed in the three basic functions of laundering: cleaning, drying and finishing. The commercial laundry business offers laundry services to customers and is a very reliable and profitable investment. It requires minimum supervision and low operating costs. It has a typical return on investment of about 20-30% and classified as one of the safest investments with numerous benefits. It is a great part-time venture that requires a small amount of or no prior experience and can be located almost anywhere. It is highly profitable especially when located in minority communities and low-income neighbourhoods. It is also one of the most recession-proof investments. Many households use Laundromats on a daily basis with the key customer representing the fastest growing segment in the nation. Benefits to society in terms of need satisfaction The predominant benefit of the services offered by a Laundromat is convenience. People make use of this service because getting their clothes and other garments cleaned is a basic need satisfied by services on offer by Laundromats. People whom lack the time or money to do the washing at home prefer a quicker and easier way to getting it done. Students and other individuals staying in non-permanent residences like hostels or apartments mostly make use of this service. Other examples include organisations that make use of uniforms that is dirtied on a daily basis e. g. Mechanics and butchers. Another benefit is people who struggle to get their garments dry due to bad weather conditions (in winter) can dry-clean it at Laundromats. Lastly, it saves money that would otherwise have been spent on detergents and appliances. ? Why we chose this business venture We chose this business because there is always a need for Laundromats. It is cheap and easy to start and it is very sustainable because people need to use this service throughout the year regardless of the change of season. Innovative ideas can easily keep you ahead of your competitors like having specials. It is a very profitable venture and is very stable. Students would always want to make use of this service because it is quick and easy and removes the hassle of having to deal with your laundry. The laundry business is very stable, and unfailingly profitable. Families need clean towels and sheets regardless of other economic factors. People need clean clothing in summer and winter, on vacation or working, whether they are newborns, teenagers or retired ? 2. Idea description The nature of our products and services Our coin operated, self-service, washing and drying machines will serve as the base of services. Each load off washing ash will cost our clients R8 and for every load dried, we will charge R9. 50. Customers have the convenience of coming into our shops doing their laundry, enjoying the benefits of our other services. Our other services include: †¢Ironing or pressing of clothes. On request, our customers can get their clothes ironed or pressed by our attending staff at a fee of R10/kg. †¢Selling laundry products. We will be a retailer of washing powder, fabric softener and bleach to our clients if they wish to buy. †¢Selling laundry equipment. Our business will act as an intermediary between companies selling washing machines, tumble dryers, etc and clients wanting to buy laundry equipment. We will display a catalogue showing the equipment available and if bought through us we will make a commission on the sales. †¢Executive dry cleaning. We will offer extra care dry for clothing that are extra delicate or just needs a bit of extra care. Our executive dry cleaning will be at an extra cost to customers but we will call in our trained staff specialising in delicate clothing care to handle the items. This service will also come with a guarantee for immaculate attention to detail. †¢Pick up service. Our store will run a pick up and drop off service to UWC and CPUT Wednesdays and Saturdays. We will have one pick up and drop off point at each campus for students to get there laundry done with ease at an extra charge off 10%. †¢Arcade section. If our clients do bring their children along our arcade game section will keep their children busy while they wait for their laundry, create more convenience for our clients and creating wealth for our business through charging R1 per arcade game token. ? Reasons why consumers will buy our products/services Stinky laundry offers convenience to our customers our floor layout, products and extra services are for their convenience. In addition, a conventional home washing machine holds around a maximum weight of 120kg taking an hour to complete the load. At Stinky, our industrial sized washing and drying machines take four times the load and does it in half the time. Our innovative products and services will quickly gain an outstanding reputation for exceptional quality while our arcade friendly staff free reading material and free washing powder will do the rest. Our special services †¢Innovative ‘laundry package’ contracts. Our clients can buy washes, drying and ironing services before hand in bulk saving themselves money and time †¢Pick up service. Our pickup and delivery service to students will take a time consuming chore away from students at affordable prices ? 3. Idea feasibility Technical Where sustainability is concerned the equipment should be of good quality so that the business does not have to deal with unforeseen circumstances such as the equipment malfunctioning. The development of a business venture of this nature has is minimal. The materials the business will make use of include detergents and equipment such as washing machines and tumble-dryers. This is reasonably easy to get access to and if there is liaison with suppliers, you could possibly get these products at a cheaper rate than the competitors could. Labour would be cheap and easy to control as there is not much the employers have to do in a Laundromat business. Transportation can be easily provided to clients when they need their garments delivered i. e. clients with huge contracts who need their huge quantities of garments to be delivered. A technical feasibility study is an excellent tool for trouble-shooting and long-term planning. In some regards it Legal There are many legal implications that this specific type of business has to deal with. Some of the many different laws that would affect such a business venture are as follows: The labour relations act Consumer act (sales and service) These laws affect the business in such a manner that all your actions within the internal functions of the business have to comply by treating the employees and customers correctly. ? Financial This specific business venture is very sustainable as there will always be a need for it. If all the proper financial procedures are followed, there should be no future problems. The area where your business is situated plays a major ole on the financial credibility of your business. Long-term contracts would provide sustainable income and you would have a guaranteed return on investment Market There is a huge market for this type of business, as everyone needs to wash his or her clothes e. g. the hospitality industries, health industries. The specific industry described in the type of business is a service industry. A Laundromat provides a service to the public. After doing a thorough market analysis you can determine what target market is the most lucrative. The competition in such a business is very feisty as this a very successful business venture. Prices should be as cheap as possible but still maintaining a good profit. Organisational When it comes to the organisational part of this type of business, it is important to look at the management function. There should be someone overseeing the basic activities involved in the daily running of the business. This will be possible if all duties that are assigned to the employees involved in the different functions of the Laundromat. Making certain the form of the business model follows desired outcomes and functions. An effective governance structure should be in place and the right constituencies should be represented. All the people involved should be in the right people. ? Physical and environmental feasibility Site considerations, architecture, engineering, and community and neighbourhood planning have to be looked at thoroughly. There are not many challenges, but many opportunities regarding site and physical infrastructure considerations. There will be no impacts to the quality of water, air, and soil during the course of the running of the business. With regard to other ecological considerations, the business has to take into consideration factors that could harm the environment. Once this is done correctly, no future problems will arise. Competitive A Laundromat business has a very competitive market, as it is a common business and is reasonably easy to start. Competitors in this market will raise and drop prices easily and have many specials to prove to consumers that there Laundromat is the better of the two. ? 4. Location 7 important site selection factors †¢Accessibility of human resources. Where will employees come and how much will be paid in terms of the quantity and quality of the education they received. Owners can’t run the business alone employees need to be accessible to help with the daily running of the business †¢Distance of competitors and market share. How close companies delivering the same services or selling the same products. Of what degree of quality are the products or services of the surrounding competitors and will this influence the consumer market. If there is too much competition for the business and the market share of the business is too low business will never thrive †¢The frequency and price of transport. By what means will products, external services and employees reach the business, road, rail, air or water. How often do those services run to the business. Transport to the business is crucial, if customers, employees or external services, like repairs, cannot reach the business frequently business will not exist at all. Availability of buildings and the costs involved. Buildings need to fit a required size and must be appealing to customers as well as be placed in the right area for business. If the business is too far from resources needed to run the business cost of getting them will exceed what they need to be and if customers don’t get a good feel for their surroundings i. e. in the building, they will always feel uncomfortable doing business there. †¢Adequacy of electricity, water, and the costs thereof. Enough electricity and water must flow to the business. Utilities are needed in order to satisfy customers without business will come to an idle. †¢Building and health regulations and the behaviour of those enforcing them. What are the cost of renovating, what are the laws regulating building in an area, like building regulations and property rates, and what are the costs abiding to them. Costs of certain areas may be higher than others and that cost may be hard to catch up with in terms o gain on investment †¢The state of surrounding business. Will surrounding business aid in growth. For example is there repairs and health care near the business location. Location of business Bellville Mall, corner of Strand Road and Bill Bezuidenhout Avenue, Bellville How location factors apply to our business †¢Accessibility of human resources. Bellville is rich in human resources, there is a high demand for labour and the best suitable for the job can be hand picked †¢Distance of competitors and market share. There aren’t too many Laundromats in Bellville, the majority of the laundromats those in the surrounding areas are of low quality and the business that have the ability to compete with Stinky Laundry don’t have the proper infrastructure or proper don’t have better innovations to compare. The frequency and price of transport. There are a number of ways to get to Bellville, those are train bus taxi. All three services run frequently throughout the day, but the most efficient way to travel to the laundry would be by car as there is enough infrastructure and better for carrying the load. †¢Availability of buildings and the costs inv olved. Buildings in Bellville are sufficient in the cases of expansion or move. Costs of the buildings may run a little high for the quality of the buildings but with the big influx of people it won’t be a bad investment †¢Adequacy of electricity and water and the costs thereof. Being the busy place that it is electricity and water won’t be a problem because of the already available networks, the cost of electricity in SA is on the rising but its an expenses any business must deal with. †¢Building and health regulations and the behaviour of those enforcing them. Being a constantly developing area Bellville is regulated with a strong hand but the city is eager for new development so developments will not be a problem. †¢The state of surrounding business. Bellville has enough of everything in the area gaining nothing in Bellville will be a problem. 5. Enterprise Forms Type of enterprise Close Corporation Factors of selection of enterprise †¢With 1-10 members of the C. C. , start up capital will be easier to raise. †¢More than one member will provide a wider range of knowledge. Different members might have different areas of expertise. †¢Close corporations are relatively easy and inexpensive to start. Compared to other forms of ownerships C. C. are easy to start all they need is an opening statement and they are ready to start. †¢Members of the C. C have limited liability, meaning the members can only lose what they invested in the business not their personal belongings. †¢The C. C. as unlimited continuity. The ownership of the business can be transferred easily and if a member dies the business goes on Legal name of business Dirty Laundry C. C. ? 6. The Environment Internal environment Stinky laundry will be managed by its owners and will employ several workers to help with the daily running of the business. Open seven days a week from 7am t ill 7pm business. Some of the main aspects affecting our business are: Staff tasks. Staff will have the tasks of dry cleaning, ironing, maintenance, repairs, cleaning Equipment. The equipment of our business will be bought in bulk to save us money. The main sort of equipment required are washing machines, tumble dryers, irons, clothes pressers and washing baskets. Perishables. Our perishables, namely washing powder, fabric softener, etc, will be supplied by Surf on condition that we advertise and sell their products exclusively. Vision and mission statement Vision of Stinky Laundry: Stinky laundry wishes to become a profitable Laundromat, offering a reliable service to all customers and expanding the business by opening more Stinky Laundry branches across South Africa and revolutionise the way South Africans do laundry. Mission Statement: Stinky laundry is a local Laundromat that strives to achieve the status of the most recognised Laundromat in South Africa by offering cleaner, softer and a more affordable laundry service than any other Laundromat. Our ambition is to expand Stinky Laundromat and transform the business into a franchise that will be recognised all throughout South Africa. SWOT analysis of stinky laundry: Strengths- The cost of service of stinky laundry is cheaper than the average Laundromat, our staff is friendly and competent and we are situated in a fairly busy location in Bellville. Weaknesses- Technical difficulties arise occasionally regarding the washing machines, the repair costs tend to be costly and when a machine is out of order we are making less money. Stinky laundry is also under exposed. Opportunities- We can increase the exposure of Stinky laundry by means of advertising, take opportunity of all the lazy students who need their washing to be cleaned. Threats- Stinky laundries main threat would be other older Laundromats, because of their experience and loyal customers. Strategic objectives of Stinky laundry: †¢Create relationships with customers which will create more loyal customers †¢Make sure all customers are satisfied †¢Advertise at university residence Market Environment The target market for our particular service would be that of students, who have no time to do their own laundry. We try to keep our prices to a minimum so that it is affordable to the students, because they don’t have a particularly strong buying power due to the fact that majority of students don’t have income. Need satisfaction. We will satisfy consumer needs by providing a service to students and the general public who find doing laundry a waste of time. Being a retailer of cleaning products we satisfy needs of consumers specifically looking for laundry products Buying power and market share. Offering an all round service to the community we expect a larger market share because of the wide range of needs we satisfy. This intern brings us a large turnover and greater buying power to save on purchasing of new equipment. In order to maintain our low prices we have searched for the most cost effective suppliers, Stinky Laundry is also very much about quality, so it was difficult to locate a supplier that offered good quality washing powder at a low price. Suppliers. Our main supplier cleaning products would be Surf. We advertise their name and in return we save on the purchasing of their product. Since Stinky laundry offers a service we don’t really have intermediaries, because they is no need for a bridge between manufacturer and consumers. We will however need a bank, Bellville has a Absa branch in the area which we could deal with. Cleaning products could be bought from the nearby retailers in Bellville. Competitors are pulling out all the stops to compete with our business by trying to lower their prices and offering specials, but Stinky Laundry strives to be the best Laundromat, so that means we have to be a step ahead of our competitors, we do that by allot of advertising making sure that all residence in our area know who we are and are familiar with what the Stinky brand offers. Threats are rife in all of South Africa but Bellville is a busy place and police are aware of that. A security gate will be installed at the entrants to the building. The security gate can only be opened from the inside. ? Macro environment of South Africa South Africa, like many other countries, have lots of issues influencing the outcome of the growth of the country. Some of the main areas affecting us today are: Technological environment: †¢In South Africa we have experienced an rapid increase in technology and it is impacting business greatly. What these technological advances do is they help improve productivity of a business and can also even help improve the quality of your product/service. The negatives of technological advances are that if a competitor obtains more superior technology than you, you are then put at a disadvantage. If the buying power of your company is not big enough it is at risk. On the other hand technology aids businesses exponentially by decreasing production time and increasing profits †¢ The most important technological advances in South A frica would be water technology, Mineral technology, marine technology, agricultural technology, medical technology, transport technology and electrical technology. Economic environment: †¢Rates govern earning and profits made by individuals and businesses alike. Inflation rates of SA is now at 7. 5% which is good recovery after the world economic debacle. †¢ Unsteady growth of our economy is due to the high employment rate in SA. Inactive communities are only a burden on tax payers and do not contribute to economic growth but hinder it. †¢The exchange rate in SA is at an low to the dollar proving a good game for imports to our country. This saves us money and brightens our economy. ? Social environment: Demographics are even spread in employment. Previously disadvantaged are now being given a chance to prove themselves and women are showing that they are great assets to our country. †¢Distribution of wealth is still a huge factor in SA. The rich tend to make more money off their assets while those struggling get left behind †¢Values of South Africans are changing. They expect better for their lives and want better livin g conditions. This intern brings about new entrepreneurs wanting to better their lives and thus bringing new innovations to our country. Physical environment: †¢In some parts of South Africa we do see new infrastructure being built to help South Africans. Like the new buses and trains. The amount of South Africans using the new forms of transportation is rising. †¢The environments around us do need changing but more and more we do see businesses and individuals changing their life styles to help fight climate changes. Environmentalists often speak to us about trying to preserve the earth and people are starting to catch on.

Ronald Reagan Essay -- essays research papers fc

Reckoning with Reagan:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ronald Reagan was more than a president. He was a phenomenon. Since he left office in 1989, many authors have tried to effectively identify who this man really was. He was an icon to some, and an enigma to others. He stood up to the worst economic, domestic, and international threats of the time and yet, took naps in the middle of cabinet meetings. At the height of his popularity in 1986, he had, as Time magazine put it, â€Å"found America's sweet spot. â€Å" Reagan had ideals of what he felt America should be like, and made it his number one goal to share his unrelenting optimism with every person in the country. He pledged to bring Americans a â€Å"little good news.† and created a strong bond with the public. Throughout his eight years in office, he continually motivated and energized his supporters while at the same time, confounded and mystified his detractors. Reagan stood tall among the thirty-nine presidents that preceded him, and was one of the most popular leaders of the twentieth century. In his book, Reckoning with Reagan, Schaller attempted to reconcile the facts and myths that surrounded Reagan during his entrance into public service, his back to back terms as governor of California, and his eight years as President of the United States. Although, he briefly outlined Reagan's earlier years as a Hollywood actor, corporate spokesperson and motivational speaker, Schaller concentrates on the presidency and how Reagan impacted America to such a degree, that it would be felt for years to come. And for the first time since Kennedy, an era would be defined by a single man: Ronald Reagan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though he would stop short of saying that he was born in a log cabin, Ronald Reagan grew up in humble beginnings. The son of an alcoholic father whom couldn't hold down a job and a religious mother, Reagan was encouraged at an early age by his mother to act in school plays. An activity in which the young Reagan showed much promise. Because of a difficult home life, Reagan created a distance between the reality of his troubled surroundings and the fantasy of how things should be. Many believed that such mental redirection at this early age played a big role in his vision and ideals for America years later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After he graduated high school in 1932, Reagan went to wor... ...le of a charasmatic leader in that he remained above the fray. That ability was not so much due to his personal political saavy, but rather, the public's refusal to allow him to be portrayed in any negative light, similar to a famous movie star or professional athelete caught in a compromising situation that would spell disaster for the average citizen. Instead of public outrage, the celebrity is met with sympathy and understanding as well as an odd public comdemnation of his or her accusors. As Schaefer charasmatic authority, he defined Reagan. â€Å"Charasmatic authority is derived more from the beliefs of followers than from the actual qualities of leaders. So long as people perceive a leader as having qualities setting him or her apart from ordinary citizens, that leader's authority will remain secure and often unquestioned.† (p. 431). Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shaller, Michael. Reckoning with Reagan: America and Its President in the 1980s. Oxford University Press: New York, 1992. Shaefer, Richard T. Sociology, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill: New York, 2003

Ophelia Talks Back

Based on Margaret Tattoo's ‘Gertrude Talks Back' Why yes I do believe I am fair, and I don't need you to confirm it. Honey you were never invited to my wedding. God has given me one face, and I can do whatever the hell I please with it, thank you very much. Frankly you could do with a little heavy foundation and a wig yourself; it might Just conceal the premature balding and all the frown lines you've accumulated from moping. You looked like a tired old man some days. It totally screwed me over.Get thee to a friary. Clearly you're the one lacking in morals. I know you were cut about losing your dad, but there was no excuse to go stab mine. You careless little bastard. To be or not to be†¦ Oops, ha, I Just killed Polonium. I beg thy pardon. You may not lay your disheveled, deluded head in my lap. I don't want the grease stains from what's left of the hair on your head on my dress. Creep. And I've got more thoughts lying between my legs than you were ever able to resolve and brood over in your lifetime.You were terrible in bed. I've got more resolve, you see. Yes, I did kill myself seeing as you weren't planning on taking your last bow any time soon. Alas my attempt to escape from you and your contemptible sex failed when you and Alerter dived into my grave and started wrestling each other; proving no peace even in death. Men. And now you're claiming forty thousand brothers could not match your love for me. A far cry from Act 3. Well, Hamlet. I'd say make up your mind, but†¦ It's already a little late for that.

Race in Down These Mean Streets

Qing Xu HCOM 345 Prof. Nava 5/2/12 Race in Down These Mean Streets â€Å"Este es un mundo brillante, estas son mis calles, mi barrio de noche, con sus miles de luces, cientos de millones de colores mezclados con los ruidos, un sonido vibrante de carros, maldiciones, murmullos de alegria y de llantos, formando un gran concierto musical (Thomas, Down These Mean Streets, 1998, p. 3)†, is how Piri Thomas describes his birthplace, East Harlem. The diversity of cultures, the vibrant street life, the passion and conflicts of everyday life and media portrayal in movies such as West Side Story make East Harlem an exciting and mysterious place.But hidden under the dirty faces of the children is the struggle in the search for acceptance and belong, as painfully narrated by Thomas in Down These Mean Streets. In this essay I will analyze how racial identity is constructed through his story and the relationship between racism and social problems such as gangs and crime in a place like East Harlem. Piri Thomas’ parents moved to New York from Puerto Rico during the 1920s before he was born in 1928.Piri reflects upon a hard childhood of growing up in a lower class family at the time of the Great Depression, through the cold winters of New York City, a place whose people Piri’s mother described as having snow in their hearts. But the most difficult thing of all was the racial prejudice that he had to endure because of his black skin and the confusion of his own racial identity caused by his family’s denial of their Afro-Latino heritage. One day, Piri confronted his younger brother Jose, pointing out the hypocrisy of his family’s claim to Whiteness: Jose’s face got whiter and his voice angrier at my attempt to take away his white status.He screamed out strong: â€Å"I aint’t no nigger! You can be if you want to be†¦. But—I—am—white! And you can go to hell! † â€Å"And James is blanco, too? † I asked quietly. â€Å"You’re damn right. † â€Å"And Poppa? † †¦ â€Å"Poppa’s the same as you,† he said, avoiding my eyes, â€Å"Indian. † â€Å"What kind of Indian,† I said bitterly. â€Å"Caribe? Or maybe Borinquen? Say, Jose, didn’t you know the Negro made the scene in Puerto Rico way back? And when the Spanish spics ran outta Indian coolies, they brought them big blacks from you know where. Poppa’s got moyeto blood. I got it. Sis got it. James got it. And, mah deah brudder, you-all got it†¦.It’s a played-out lie about me-us-being white (Thomas, Down These Mean Streets, 1998, p. 145). Piri had always felt that he was being treated differently in the family because of his skin color. He wanted to find a racial identity with which he could feel a sense of belonging. Hoping to find out whether his skin color, his face, his hair made him a black in America even though he’s a Puerto Rican, he joi ned the merchant marines and traveled to the South. He came to accept that he was black after experiencing racism everywhere: on the ship, in restaurants, even in prostitution (Thomas, Down These Mean Streets, 1998, pp. 20-87). Piri’s world came crashing down when his mother died while his father was having an affair with a white woman, whose whiteness fed his father’s insecurity about his own blackness, according to Piri. Piri’s rejection toward whites came to a boiling point and he left home, joined gangs where his companions were black and took drugs. Eventually he went to prison for shooting a policeman. â€Å"Jesus, I thought, I finally shot me some Mr. Charlies. I shot ‘em in my mind often enough (Thomas, Down These Mean Streets, 1998, p. 259),† he wrote.It was the years in prison that gave him time to really reflect and think about who he was and his own worth. In the end of the book he came out of prison back into the neighborhood that he mi ssed so much. He fought hard to resist drugs and violence. Eventually he became a famed writer and a lecturer, and worked to steer troubled kids away from gangs and crimes. Puerto Ricans have historically been discriminated by U. S. institutions. As Angel Oquendo explains in â€Å"Re-imagining the Latino/a Race†, Puerto Ricans arrived in the U. S. as a result of U. S. mperial invasion and colonization of the island. They became one of the most impoverished groups and were â€Å"systematically perceived and treated as a conquered people (Oquendo, 1998, p. 70)† Puerto Ricans could sometimes pass as whites, like Piri’s family did. However, Piri was treated badly by the school, public transportation, workplace and the government. In an interview conducted by Ilan Stavans, he recalled that in the classroom the â€Å"teacher came roaring upon me and said ‘listen, stop talking in that language [Spanish],’ and I said ‘well, I am speaking my motherâ⠂¬â„¢s language.My mother’s from Puerto Rico, I was born in this country,’ and she says ‘well you stop talking that, you have to learn English, you are in America now. ’ (Thomas, Race and Mercy: A Conversation with Piri Thomas, 1996, p. 345)† He also recalled going to the South with his friend Billy on a bus. The driver ordered all colored people to go sit in the back. When Piri tried to tell the driver that he was Puerto Rican, the driver said, â€Å"I don’t care what kind of nigger you are† and reached his hand into his side pocket.To avoid the risk of being killed, he quietly went to the back of the bus (Thomas, Race and Mercy: A Conversation with Piri Thomas, 1996, p. 351). In a chapter of his book titled â€Å"How to Be a Negro without Really Trying,† Piri recalls another occasion where he and his fair skinned friend Louie went to a job interview for a sales position. The company hired Louie instead of him. â€Å"I didnâ₠¬â„¢t feel so much angry as I did sick, like throwing-up sick,† Piri’s hatred started growing and he started to think of himself as black. â€Å"Later, when I told this story to my buddy, a colored cat, he said, ‘Hell, Piri†¦ a Negro faces that all the time. ‘I know that,’ I said, ‘but I wasn’t a Negro then. I was still only a Puerto Rican. ’ (Thomas, Down These Mean Streets, 1998, p. 108)† When Piri and his mother applied for Home Relief, he hated the condescending and suspicious attitude of the government officials. The fact that Piri was perceived as black even though he was a Latino and that he was the only that received all the prejudice out of all his siblings, shows that U. S. society perceives all races in Black-White terms. According to Oquendo, this racial dualism is due to the prominent history of slavery and discrimination of people of African ancestry.He explains that the division of white Puerto Ricans and black Puerto Ricans is non-existent in Puerto Rico. Modern Puerto Rican society emphasizes its African heritage (Oquendo, 1998, p. 63). Berta E. Hernandez-Truyol explains that all Puerto Ricans share the same identity: â€Å"I grew up in Puerto Rico†¦ We were big and small, brown-eyed and blue-eyed, blondes and brunettes, but one significant factor we shared was that we were all de Borinquen. Sure, we were diverse peoples, but we were all united—we were all boricua (Hernandez-Truyol, 1998, p. 381). Because of the different social context in the U. S. , Piri were perceived differently from his siblings, which dramatically altered the course of his life. Perhaps the process of Piri becoming black can be best explained by Ian F. Haney Lopez’s theory on the social construction of race. He argues that an individual’s racial identity is constructed by interplay of chance, context, and choice. By chance he means the morphology and ancestry of a person which are not chosen by the person, i. e. skin color. Piri’s morphology is the foundation of his search of racial identity.When his family moved to Long Island, the white children at his school taunted him for trying to pass as Puerto Rican because he couldn’t pass as white. By context, Lopez means â€Å"the social setting in which races are recognized, constructed, and contested (Lopez, 1998, pp. 9-11). † Piri has ancestral ties to three continents: Europe, Africa, and America. Therefore to conclude that Piri is Black is unreasonable. However, in the social context of America, skin color is mostly directed associated with race. President Obama, Tiger Woods are both widely perceived to be Blacks, even though only a portion of their blood is Black.Same thing happened to Piri. Lopez further explains that morphology and ancestry are constant, but context is inconstant and unstable and shifts in time and space. Nevertheless, context gives interpretation to morphology and ance stry, such as a person’s dark skin makes him/her Black. In Puerto Rico, Piri’s family was neither Black nor White; they suffered no prejudice based on their skin colors. But the social structure of race in New York in the 1930s is based on the racial dualism, which forced Piri and his family to define them as either Black or White.As a result, Piri believed that he and his family were black biologically. However, he was not black because of his features but because of the interpretation of these features by the racial ideology of his society. Moreover, social ideology of race changes from place to place, as evident in his travel from â€Å"Spanish Harlem, where he was Puerto Rican, to Long Island, where he was accused of trying to pass, to the South, where he was Black (Lopez, 1998, p. 12). † Finally, the last component of racial construction is choice, which means whether a person accepts the meanings of his morphology and ancestry given by the context.Piriâ₠¬â„¢s father not only shared the same social context with Piri, he also shared the same skin color and features. However, he chose to be white, like his son Jose. Lopez explains that choices about racial identity are heavily influenced by racial prejudice and hatred, as revealed in Jose’s claim to be White: â€Å"I ain’t black, damn you! Look at my hair. It’s almost blond. My eyes are blue, my nose is straight. My motherfuckin’ lips are not like a baboon’s ass. My skin is white. White, goddamit! White (Lopez, 1998, p. 14)! † The social problems that Puerto Ricans face include poverty, gangs and crimes.The â€Å"presumed solutions† to these social problems would be welfare programs, education, more law enforcement patrolling the Barrio, etc. However, new problems will arise with each of these solutions. If we provide more welfare to the Puerto Ricans, it would further drain the national budget, which is already tight in the current eco nomic situation. It would also anger many nativists who are opposed to immigration, especially whites with lower economic status, because they might fear that the Puerto Ricans are taking their resources.There are already many voices accusing the Latino immigrants of coming to their country and sucking up all their welfare. Education definitely helps prepare a more skilled work force, which means more income for the Puerto Rican households. However, with the current budget cuts, increased financial aid to Puerto Rican students will likely be met with opposition from the rest of the population. The DREAM act which allows alien students to obtain financial aid in college has already been met with opposition arguing that the aliens would take away educational funds that could be awarded to native students.Granting more aid to Puerto Rican students will probably be met with the same opposition. However, education does serve as an important tool to pull a community out of poverty. Gangs not only create violence and crime in a community, but their culture is harmful to the vital institutions of society such as the family, the church, the school, and the government. In â€Å"Beating the Barrio: Piri Thomas and Down These Mean Streets†, James B. Lane states that â€Å"The social disorganization of the ghetto bred cynicism, hatred of authority, confused identity, inability to defer pleasure, and violent impulsiveness (Lane, 1972, p. 17). † Piri, tormented by racial prejudice and confused identity, leaved his family to be on the streets because he found a stronger sense of belonging there. So do countless number of kids in the present. To Piri religion seemed an obligation. He hated school and resented government. Although gangs like the ones Piri was in are harmful to the society, villanizing them will only make matters worse. MS-13, the biggest gang in the world, started with a couple persons but grew so much partly because police cracked down on them an d sent them back to El Salvador; many of them were born and raised in the U. S. which made them more organized and bigger. That policy only aimed to remedy the problem but failed to address the root of the problem: how the kids joined the gang. We need to recognize that criminals weren’t born criminals. Many gang members are victims of racism and oppression. Racism plants a seed of hatred in each of its victim, as in Piri’s case: â€Å"A big hate of everything white grew inside of me. I was scared of the whole fucking world (Robinson). † This hatred eventually led him to shoot a white cop. It is also no surprise that he had no interest in school and government, where he encountered racism.Gangs also provide protection for the oppressed, give them strength to fight back the authority that oppresses them, and give them a sense of belonging. In order for there to be no gangs, racism must be eliminated. In order for racism to be eliminated, everyone, kids and adults , need to be educated about racism in contemporary society, because racism starts in the mind. Schools need to make it mandatory for students to learn how racism starts, the social structures that breed racism in our society and all the ways that racism affect different ethnic groups today.Piri Thomas had a good idea of what needed to be taught to children: Children become what they are taught or not taught. For thousands of years we have heard propaganda about white supremacy and â€Å"might makes right. † Because if you conquer people by might, strip away their education, their beliefs, their culture, and their land, then in two or three generations their children will be in the dark ages again. We had very bright minds when we first went into their schools, because children are not born stupid.The world has no right to judge intelligence by the color of one’s skin†¦ this is the struggle that we have had to wage, to allow all the colors to express their humanity through literature and the other arts to learn from each other, as a people, for we are not only geographic locations, colors, sexes, or preferences. We are earthlings who share a common bond—our humanity (Thomas, Race and Mercy: A Conversation with Piri Thomas, 1996, p. 352). It’s because of the lack of awareness and ignorance that racism is still so prevalent today.There needs to be more representatives for under-represented groups such as Puerto Ricans in the political arena who could voice their needs. Puerto Ricans should be given voting rights in the general elections, since they are citizens of the United States. Puerto Ricans can also empower themselves through strengthening their identity as a whole. Oquendo suggests that â€Å"just as African Americans seek to base their self-understanding on their resurrection from slavery, Latino/as should trace their identity back to their resurrection from imperialist conquest (Oquendo, 1998, p. 70). Indeed, Puerto Rica ns and other Latino groups have proven to be resilient peoples with a great deal of stamina to live in their harsh environments while keeping their dignity. Oquendo also suggests that Latino/as should use Spanish as a source of support for Latino/a identity, since Spanish is their shared heritage. I agree with Oquendo. Language is the central part of a cultural heritage, if they all speak the language that their mother and grandmother speak, they can be closer to their roots and thus secure a sense of belonging. It is important for Puerto Ricans in the U. S. o know their homeland and its culture in order to have a stronger identity. Piri said in the interview that he was not recognized in Puerto Rico because he didn’t write in Spanish, and â€Å"the only reason why I knew of Puerto Rico is because I sat in the corner and listened to the grown-ups speaking about places like Fajardo, Bayamon†¦ I finally went to Puerto Rico when I got out of prison at the age of thirty-two . My God, as that wall of green humidity enveloped me, it was like I was entering into my mother’s arms (Thomas, Race and Mercy: A Conversation with Piri Thomas, 1996, p. 347). Through speaking Spanish, different Latino groups can relate to each other, which can be a source of support. He suggests that Spanish be brought to adult schools, unions, church organization, prisons and rehabilitation programs, so that the adult population can learn, too (Oquendo, 1998, pp. 70-71). It’s also vital that children living in the Barrio know their own value and realize their potential. In the video Every Child is born a Poet: Life and Work of Piri Thomas, it shows Piri working with teenagers in a juvenile hall inspiring them to express themselves and find their values through poetry.It also shows testimonials from local youths telling stories of how Down These Mean Streets had helped them find their identities and connect with their neighborhood (Robinson). There should be social w ork agencies and after-school programs geared towards teenagers helping kids find passion in learning and keep them away from the streets. Piri Thomas’ memoir is not only a testament to the harsh life of immigrants growing up in the United States and the dangers of racism; its wisdom teaches us all of the importance of identity and heritage.Its lessons will benefit generations to come. Works Cited Hernandez-Truyol, B. E. (1998). Bringing International Human Rights Home. In R. Delgado, & J. Stefancic, The Latino/a Condition (p. 381). New York and London: New York University Press. Lane, J. B. (1972). Beating the Barrio: Piri Thomas and â€Å"Down These Mean Streets†. The English Journal. Lopez, I. F. (1998). Chance, Context, and Choice in the Social Construction of Race. In R. Delgado, & J. Stefancic, The Latino/a Condition (pp. -11). New York and London: New York University Press. Oquendo. (1998). Re-imaginning the Latino/a Race. In R. Delgado, & J. Stefancic, The Lati no/a Condition (p. 70). New York and London: New York University Press. Robinson, J. (Director). (n. d. ). Every Child is Born a Poet: Life and Work of Piri Thomas [Motion Picture]. Thomas, P. (1996, Autumn). Race and Mercy: A Conversation with Piri Thomas. (I. Stavans, Interviewer) Thomas, P. (1998). Down These Mean Streets. New York: Vintage Books.

WTC Attack essays

WTC Attack essays Like many others, I grieve those killed in the Towers Tragedy. It was a horrendous and unwarranted act of violence that is irrefutably condemnable. However, I also sympathize with those innocent civilians who suffer in retaliation to these terrorist acts. Previously during the attacks on Oklahoma, Islamic extremists were blindly accused of this act of terror. Arab businesses were attacked and homes vandalized. The attackers were found to be of domestic origin. Recently, mosques and community centers in Montreal, Chicago, and elsewhere were harassed. Countless individuals have experienced threats and assaults. Even more shocking are the polls conducted by CBS indicating that two-thirds of Americans support a military strike, even if innocent people are killed. The United States has declared war on Afghanistan, predominantly for its harboring of Osama Bin Ladin. Both Afghanistan and Bin Laden have denied responsibility of the attack. When the American embassy was bombed in Africa by Bin Ladin he admitted in doing the attacks. He is not afraid of telling the United States of his crimes, my point being he will not be afraid to admit it this time too. Additional suspicion is aroused considering suspects were previously identified drinking in a bar located in Hollywood, Florida. Islamic fundamentalists do not often consort with open sinners. Many Americans are bewildered at who would be heartless enough to carry out such a dreadful act. To many others, the answer is obvious. Over the past couple decades America has bombed and terrorized Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Somalia, Sudan, Afghanistan, Puerto Rico, Japan, Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea, Cambodia, Laos and Iraq, with civilian casualties numbering in the millions. Bombings in Iraq have continued over the years relentlessly. Robert Fisk of The Independent writes, [T]here will be, inevitably, and quite immorally, an attempt to obscure the historical wrongs a ...

Geography and Fact Sheet About the Philippines

Geography and Fact Sheet About the Philippines Population: 99,900,177 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: ManilaArea: 115,830 square miles (300,000 sq km)Coastline: 22,549 miles (36,289 km)Highest Point: Mount Apo at 9,691 feet (2,954 m)The Philippines, officially called the Republic of the Philippines, is an island nation located in the  western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. The country is an archipelago made up of 7,107 islands and is near the countries of Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The Philippines has a population of just over 99 million people and it is the 12th largest country in the world. History of the Philippines In 1521, European exploration of the Philippines began when Ferdinand Magellan claimed the islands for Spain. He was killed shortly thereafter however after getting involved in tribal warfare on the islands. During the rest of the 16th century and into the 17th and 18th centuries, Christianity was introduced to the Philippines by Spanish conquistadores. During this time, the Philippines were also under the administrative control of Spanish North America and as a result, there was migration between the two areas. In 1810 though, Mexico claimed its independence from Spain and control of the Philippines went back to Spain. During Spanish rule, Roman Catholicism increased in the Philippines and a complex government was established in Manila.In the 19th century, there were numerous uprisings against Spanish control by the local population of the Philippines. For example, in 1896, Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt against Spain. The revolt continued until 1898 when American forces defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay in May of that year during the Spanish-American War. After the defeat, Aguinaldo and the Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. Shortly thereafter, the islands were ceded to the United States with the Treaty of Paris.From 1899 to 1902, the Philippine-American War took place as Filipinos fought against Americ an control of the Philippines. On July 4, 1902, a Peace Proclamation ended the war but hostilities continued until 1913.In 1935, the Philippines then became a self-governing commonwealth after the Tydings-McDuffie Act. During World War II, however, the Philippines were attacked by Japan and in 1942, the islands came under Japanese control. Beginning in 1944, full-scale fighting began in the Philippines in an effort to end Japanese control. In 1945, Filipino and American forces caused Japan to surrender, but the city of Manila was largely destroyed and over one million Filipinos were killed.On July 4, 1946, the Philippines then became fully independent as the Republic of the Philippines. Following its independence, the Philippines struggled to gain political and social stability until the 1980s. During the late 1980s and into the 1990s, the Philippines began to regain stability and grow economically despite some political conspiracies in the early 2000s. Government of the Philippines Today the Philippines is considered a republic with an executive branch made up of a chief of state and a head of government - both of which are filled by the president. The legislative branch of government is made up of a bicameral Congress that consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals and the Sandigan-bayan. The Philippines are divided into 80 provinces and 120 charter cities for local administration. Economics and Land Use in the Philippines Today, the economy of the Philippines is growing due to its rich natural resources, workers overseas and imported products. The largest industries in the Philippines include electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining ,  and fishing. Agriculture also plays a large role in the Philippines and the main products are sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassava, pineapples, mangoes, pork, eggs, beef, and fish. Geography and Climate of the Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago comprised of 7,107 islands in the South China, Philippine, Sulu, and Celebes Seas and the Luzon Strait. The topography of the islands is mostly mountainous with narrow to large coastal lowlands depending on the island. The Philippines is divided into three main geographic areas: these are Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The climate of the Philippines is tropical marine with a northeast monsoon from November to April and a southwest monsoon from May to October.In addition, the Philippines, like many other tropical island nations has problems of deforestation, and soil and water pollution. The Philippines also has problems of air pollution because of large populations in its urban centers. More Facts About the Philippines Filipino is the official national language while English is the official language of government and educationLife expectancy in the Philippines is 67.6 yearsOther large cities in the Philippines include Davao City and Cebu City Sources: Central Intelligence Agency. (7 July 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Philippines. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Philippines: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. infoplease.com/country/philippines.html United States Department of State. (19 April 2010). Philippines. state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm Wikipedia. (22 July 2010). Philippines - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

Net Present Value Model (NPV) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Net Present Value Model (NPV) - Coursework Example A con of this method is that the numerical values can sometimes lead to erroneous decisions (Arya & Fellingham & Glover, 1998). The IRR is the rate of return a firm expects to earn if a project is accepted. Similarly to NPV an advantage of this method is that it takes into consideration time value of money. The biggest con of the method is that it is more difficult to calculate. A lot of companies prefer to use the internal rate of return method because this method quantifies the potential earnings of a project in the form of a numerical rate. The calculation of IRR is similar to finding the yield to maturity of a bond (Besley & Brigham, 2000). A project manager can know how much extra income a firm can obtain from a project. The capital budgeting evaluation technique that I prefer is net present value. This technique allows a manager to select the best project among several options. The project selected should be the one with the highest NPV value. Another reason that I prefer NPV over other capital budgeting techniques is because it is the best method to accomplish the goal of maximizing shareholder’s wealth (Besley, et al. 2000). Arya, A., Fellingham, J., Glover, J. (1998). Capital Budgeting: Some Exceptions to the Net Present Value Rule. Issues in Accounting, 13(3). p.499-508. Retrieved April 3, 2014 from

In depth analysis about article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In depth analysis about article - Essay Example But at the same time, author’s view on internationalization is also pertinent because it helps the nations to maintain their autonomy vis-a-vis their fiscal policies and economic welfare and equitable distribution of wealth for the wider welfare of their people. The article emphasizes that globalization promotes economic integration across the globe through free trade and liberalization. It has resulted in diminishing national boundaries and brought in influx of foreign trade, both in term of goods and human capital. Daly believes that it undermines the national interests of the individual nations. But it nevertheless greatly facilitates the development process in the developing and under developed countries which need to be exposed to the opportunities for improving their standard of living. The developing world has indeed gained through globalization! Daly also asserts that internationalization would be more relevant because it helps to maintain national identity but promote s international relation through trade, treaties, alliances and protocols etc. The author has unconsciously supported the process of globalization in his emphasis for internationalization! When trade and business alliances are encouraged across nations, inter-dependency of economic units become vital ingredients of the developing relationship.

Statement of Intent describing the events and ideas which led to your Personal - 1

Of Intent describing the events and ideas which led to your interest in fashion marketing major - Personal Statement Example As a result my family always wanted me to pursue a career in economics so that I could oversee the running of our family businesses. However, I always had a strong desire to do fashion marketing ever since I was a small child. I always enjoyed fashion shows that used to be aired on TV (Easey 142). I thought my parents would discover my talent and encourage me to do fashion marketing after high school. Nevertheless, I had to join economics major in college since that is what my family desired for me. I also thought it was a good idea since I had a place to work once I graduated. Something very important happened in my life. I witnessed the strongest act of courage from a friend in school of pharmacy who woke up one day and decided that enough was enough. She could no longer continue pursuing a course in pharmacy against her desires. She transferred from pharmacy to fashion design. That was the day I made a solemn decision to follow the desires of my heart. I must admit that were it not for her act of courage, I would never have made this decision. I have seen so many of my friends pursue careers simply because the careers are promising but not because they have passion for those careers. My friend’s act of courage made me change my priorities in life and take a course which my heart desires. She made me develop immeasurable interest in fashion marketing that I decided to drop a course in economics. I am now totally convinced that fashion marketing is what I want to do with my life and I am determined to give it my best. I believe that I will be successful in this field and more importantly, I will derive joy and happiness doing fashion marketing since it has always been my desire. I thank God for my friend who inspired me. I now have the chance to pursue my dream career. My friends act when she changed from pharmacy to fashion design really inspired me. She gave me a

The Pump Condition Monitoring Engineering Essay

The Pump Condition Monitoring Engineering Essay To avoid unplanned downtime, realize energy savings or other considerations, pump users require a method or tool to determine the appropriate time for overhaul of a pump. This method or tool is used by engineers in managing assets to provide capacity for production and energy efficiency to save operating expenses or even to minimize greenhouse impact.   This optimization method can be applied to all items where deterioration results in equipment breakdowns or loss of efficiency. Pumps like any rotating machine tend to rotate in response to excitation forces like residual rotor unbalance, turbulence in liquid flow, pressure pulses, cavitations and wear of pump. If vibration frequencies and natural frequencies match, resonance occurs, amplifying the vibrations. This is a sufficient cause to damage pump components Why Pump Condition Monitoring is important: (Source http://www.pumpmonitor.com) Pumps are used at about 20% of the worlds most electrical power generating companies. about 7% of the worlds green houses gas productions. power and preservation usually covers more than 50% of Life sequence expenses. Statistics show that 20% or more of the energy devoted by pumping systems could be saved throughout equipment and control alters. Pumps are frequently considered critical mechanism of a process. Plant reliability is best possible when they are maintained on a regular basis or nonstop state monitoring. Performance based maintenance costs are considerably lesser than a schedule based costs. Hence it becomes very important to Condition Monitor the pumps. Chapter -2: Aim Objectives The object of this research study is to critically study Condition Monitoring of both, Centrifugal and axial pumps. That will include most important aspects like: Condition Monitoring and its Part in Maintenance Pump Performance and the Effect of Wear Performance Analysis and Testing of Pumps for Condition Monitoring Performance Analysis and its Application to Optimise Time for Overhaul Other Methods of Performance Analysis for Pump Condition Monitoring Vibration Analysis of Pumps Other Uses of Condition Monitoring Other Condition Monitoring Methods Positive Displacement Pumps Case Studies Chapter -3: Project plan Attached with this report Chapter -4: Introduction About Pumps Pumps are used to add energy to fluids. Generally it is done by using a rotating blade to force a fluid in a given direction. Classification of pumps: PUMPS Centrifugal Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps Radial Flow Pumps Axial Flow Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps Gear Pumps Piston Pumps Progressive Cavity Pumps Plunger Pumps Screw Pumps Diaphragm Pumps Lobe Pumps [Figure-1: Different types of Pumps] a) Positive Displacement pumps: A positive displacement pump, as the name suggests, pushes a fluid by containing a fixed amount of it and then displacing the entire contained volume into the pipe. Positive displacement pumps produce a constant flow at any given speed and hence are called Constant Flow Machines. These are used for pumping fluids other than water. Following types of mechanism are used to displace the fluid: a1) Reciprocating Type: Reciprocating pumps are plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps. Diaphragm  valves. Recently used for slurries treatment in plants, and are used to force dangerous, toxic materials. a2) Rotary Type: These pumps use rotation principle. These are mostly used in, oil burners, soaps, cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses, as well in dyes, ink, bleaches, vegetable and mineral oils. Gear pump: Two gears rotates in a closely fitted casing. A common application of the gear pump is the engine oil pump in car engines. 3655-004-DFDC07E0 [Figure-2: Gear Pump] Progressing cavity type pump: These are applied for pumping sewage sludge contaminated with large particles. Helical shaped rotor is used. [Figure-3: Progressive Cavity Pump], (Image Source: http://www.highflowpumps.com/) Lobe Pumps: Fluid is passed between the rotors teeth and the volute chamber. lobethe [Figure-4: Lobe Pump] Screw Pumps: Screw pump transmits fluid into the spaces between the screw gears. screw23muthÄ ±s [Figure-5: Screw Pump] b) Centrifugal pump: They are widely used in general piping systems. These are used for pumping water in industry and constitute 75% of pumps installed b1) Radial Flow Pump In a Radial Flow pump, fluid is discharged in a direction perpendicular to the direction of intake or suction. The fluid flowing into the pump first makes contact with a spinning impeller. This deflects the fluid away from it. The fluid is pushed out through a circular casing around the impeller. In this case fluid pressure increased not the speed. Fluid is sucked into the pump along the axis of rotation of the impeller. It is accelerated in a perpendicular direction into a diffuser chamber. From here it is discharged into the outlet pipe. Centrifugal pumps are applied where there is small head and large discharge is required. These have high hydraulic efficiency. These are used in waste treatment plants. Screw type centrifugal pumps are very effective in sludge handling , comprising of fibrous elements and for handling sludge with up to 10% dry matter . centrifugalpumps11 [Figure-6: Centrifugal Pump] (Image source : http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/image/centrifugal-pump.jpg) b2) Axial flow pumps: In an axial pump, the discharge and suction are both in the same direction. Flow is along the axis of the blade. Axial pumps are used to increase of speed of fluid flow without increase of pressure. They have high flow rates and can operate at very low pressure. QZ-Axial-Flow-Pump [Figure-7:Axial Flow Pump] http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00vBjTwGKSSIbeM/QZ-Axial-Flow-Pump.jpg Chapter -5: Maintenance and Condition Monitoring: About Maintenance: The intention of performing maintenance is to provide optimum capacity of production at the lower cost. Maintenance should be preferred for reliability and not as repair. There are 4 Types of Maintenance, which are given below: (a) Preventive Maintenance: This type of maintenance prevents failure from occurring. It comprises of scheduled periodic maintenance checks. Such maintenance prevents breakdowns and ensures delay free functioning. The advantages of preventive maintenance include: Enhanced systems dependability. reduces cost of substitute. cuts system downtime. Better standby account management. (b) Corrective Maintenance: Maintenance performed to correct an error after a failure has occurred is corrective maintenance. The failed component may require restoration , repair or replacement. (c) Breakdown Maintenance: If a machine breaks down or malfunctions , breakdown maintenance is performed to return it to normal functioning. This is done by replacing or repairing parts. (d) Predictive Maintenance: This type of maintenance consists of methods of observing the condition of in service machines and thus predicting when maintenance is required to be performed. This method reduces costs as compared to preventive maintenance as tasks are only performed when necessary. Condition monitoring is a type of predictive maintenance. It involves prediction of condition of a machine by on monitoring its performance, statistical process control or equipment behaviour to detect defects at an early stage and rectify them, which could otherwise result in delays leading to unnecessary expenditure. Maintenance is performed while the machine/ equipment is in operating regularly , with little or no interruption in its functioning. The methods for detection of errors include infrared thermographs, circuit analysis, analysis of vibrations etc. Predictive Maintenance or Condition monitoring a smart way to reduce downtime and reduce cost. The fundamental purpose of maintenance is to contribute for profit objectives, by maximizing the production and safety of people and plant. This report will explore how maintenance should be used as a tool to keep pumps working to its optimum level. Condition based maintenance: Definition of Condition Monitoring: Condition monitoring is part of maintenance, not something done by experts from outside (Beebe, 2001) Signs of degradation are detected in operational equipment by monitoring the equipment through continuous inspection. Data collected is analysed , and a prediction is made for the duration in which a machine can run safely without failure. Condition Monitoring is the art of monitoring of the equipments health by taking simple measurements of the machine performance. It works the same as a Doctor checks (measure) the health by checking pulse, temperature, blood pressure etc of a person. If we measure the current draw and the outlet flow of a pump and find out that that the current draw was increasing while the outlet flow was decreasing, as compared to the previous months measurements, there are very good chances that the condition is deteriorating and that some maintenance was due for the pump, The scheduling of the monitoring is decided by the size of plan, ease of data collection etc. This may be done everyday, once a month or on an annual basis. Advanced technology may be used for condition monitoring. It may not be limited to Vibration sensors Infrared Thermographs Oil sensors Ultrasonic equipment Motor Current Analysis Pump life cycle costs Pump life cycle cost is defined as the sum of the commissioning cost, maintenance cost, running cost and decommissioning cost for the period of a pumps service life. Complete understanding of the pumps lifecycle cost helps us to radically reduce the energy consumed , thus greatly reducing the pumps environmental impact PLCC = Cin + Cins + Cpo + Cop + Cm + Cd + Cen + Cdc PLCC = life cycle cost Cin = initial costs, purchase price (pump, system, pipe, other services) Cins = installation and commissioning cost (including training) Cpo = power consumed costs Cop = operation costs Cm = maintenance and repair costs (routine and predicted repairs) Cd = delay costs (loss of production). Cen = environmental costs (contamination from pumped liquid ) Cdc = decommissioning (counting renovation of the home Environment) Maintenance Cost of a Pump in its Life Cycle: [Figure-8: Maintenance Cost] (Image Source: http://www.waterworld.com) The costs for maintenance are dependent on the actual equipment involved , records can be consulted to make cost estimates. The annual cost has to include the following: Value of spare parts used. Charge for any third party work. plant employment. workplace charges. Normally Maintenance cost of a Pump within its life cycle is estimated 20%. Pump selection reliability factors Reliability of machines, has been increasingly debated in recent years . Low reliability of commonly used centrifugal pumps has been a focal point of this debate. Pump selection is very important its reliability. But it is not the only factor for reliable pump operation. Other critical installation parameters are also important. The main factor for enhanced reliability is selecting the right pump. Pump Selection The first step in pump selection is deciding the pump parameters. The head and capacity required have to be calculated. There are three major conditions related to reliability which affect selection; operating speed (FR), impeller diameter (FD) and flow rate (FQ). Operating Speed RPM (FR) Wear based on operating speed caused due to friction in rubbing contact surfaces like mechanical seals and shaft seals affects the reliability. Life of bearings and heat generated in bearings is another cause for lack of reliability. For all the above mentioned conditions wear has a linear relationship with the operating speed of the pump. Impeller Diameter (FD) The impeller exerts a significant load on the shaft and bearings . This directly affects the reliability of the pump. Two types of loads are produced; one is due to the non uniform pressure distribution in the casing, the second is due to the interaction between the blades of the impeller and the discharge. This second effect is extremely hazardous as it forces the seal faces to move away from each other repeatedly during each revolution. The intensity of this movement may be greater than steady deflection. There is a cubic proportionality between these loads and the impeller diameter. Flow Rate (FQ) The flow rate of a centrifugal pump is the best efficiency point or BEP. Pumps are designed in such a way that they are most reliable only at a given flow rate for a specific operating speed and impeller diameter. The loads exerted on impeller at this flow rate are minimised. If the flow rate is more or less than the BEP than the load intensity increases and there is turbulence in the rotation of the impeller. Such unpredictable loads share the same effects on reliability as the impeller/discharge loads discussed above. Pumps are examined to check the ability to withstand the effects of these impacts. The main parameters of the tests are: R.P.M. Impeller dimensions. Flow velocity. Pump shaft to motor alignment. N.P.S.H. Margin. Reliability Index (RI) The Reliability directory is shaped as a product of three factors: RI = FR x FD x FQ Values vary from zero to one; the higher the value the better the dependability is. Techniques of Condition Monitoring Vibration Monitoring Analysis: is commonly used as a Monitoring analysis. It helps to determine the structural stability in a system. It is best suitable for rotating machines like pumps. Vibration measuring instruments are used for measurement. The frequency of the vibrations are mapped. If a defect is present a particular frequency will be detected. Analysis made previously on existing equipment can be compared to analysis on new equipment. This data will give the condition of the equipment. vibration [Figure-9:Vibration Chart] (Source: http://www.pemms.co.uk/Condition_Monitoring.html) Visual Inspection: Devices like mirrors, TV Camers are used for Visual inspection. Visual inspection in its most basic form may also be done by experienced inspectors and maintenance technicians. Causes of failure like cracks, leaks and corrosion can be detected and prevented. This is the cheapest form of condition monitoring. It also adds a sense of attachment between the equipment and the people who work on it. Only visual inspection technique is not enough. It should be augmented by other techniques. Performance Monitoring and Analysis: Analysis is done on usage of energy, as more energy usage means deteriorating condition of the machine. Performace can bne measured with parameters like Pressure, flow rate or temperature etc. Analysis of wear particles in lubricants or contamination of process fluid: This process gives advance warning than many other predictive maintenance methods. oilanalysis [Figure-10: Contamination of Process Fluid] (Source: http://www.pemms.co.uk/Condition_Monitoring.html) Spectrographic oil analysis may be used to test the chemical composition of the oil. Chemical analysis of oil is carried out for appearance, density, viscosity, moisture content, mechanical impurities. High silicon content points to a presence of contamination of grit.. etc, and high iron levels indicate to tiring components. Independently, elements give reasonable indications, but when used together they can accurately determine the failure modes, e.g. for internal combustion engines, the presence of iron/alloy, and carbon would indicate damaged piston rings. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_monitoring) Ferrous and non ferrous particles in the lubricant may be detected by wear debris detection sensors which can give a warning if the condition of the equipment deteriorates. This system prevents failure in machines like gearboxes , turbines, pumps etc. Ultrasonic Analysis: Time and frequency data from ultrasonic tests can reveal a lot on the health of a machine. Portable ultrasonic testing equipment is now a common tool for noticing leaks, testing steam traps, finding cavitations, bearing condition testing and toughness testing. What are Ultrasound Signals? Ultrasound refers to noise of frequency beyond the range of the human ear. For detecting airborne leaks, the frequency at which the most sound is produced by an unstable leak is 38.4 kHz. There are instruments, which listens to this frequency to detect leaks. Electronics processing is required to make ultrasound audible. This is done filtering of frequencies. Why Record Ultrasound Signals? Judgment, Trending, verification of analysis. Guidance of Maintenance observers. Examination of low speed bearings. Investigation of electrical defects. Inspecting of steam traps. Analysis of reciprocating compressors. How to Record Ultrasound Signals? Regulates rise of detector. Corrects level of recording device. Spins Auto Gain Control . Records the signal and transfer to PC. Opens signals in computer for laboratory analysis. The classic time signal for a bearing defect gives a goldfish envelope like this:. (Thomas J. Murphy) ultrasound_analysis_07 [Figure-11:Ultra sound signals] Infrared Thermography Temperature is the best indicator of the state of a machine. One can check the temperature of any surface and determine the condition of a machine.. Infrared Thermography is an inspection technique which gives accurate, reliable and correct temperature outline of any material exterior without getting in touch with the surface. The essential perceptive of thermography is that every object produces certain amount of Infrared energy and the intensity of this radiation is a task of temperature, hence by measuring infrared radiation, temperature of surface can be calculated. (Garnaik) Infrared thermography is a fast and secure way of detecting imperfections in different conditions. Infrared cameras can be used to detect increases in temperature that indicate latent problems. These may increase the temperature of electrical contacts or insulators. IR thermography can easily be carried out during normal operation of equipment as it is non contact. This reduces downtime. Advantages Disadvantages of IR Thermography Following are advantages and disadvantages of this technique. Advantages : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is a non-contact type technique, and modern Infrared camera can be used . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is Fast, reliable accurate output. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time required to measure large surface area is very less. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The output can be presented in visual digital form. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Since the output can be presented in visual form, there is little skill required for monitoring. Disadvantages : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Instrument cost is very high. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This technique is used to work out the temperature of surface. It is unable to detect the inside temperature Noise monitoring Noise level are taken every month at designated locations. Steps for implementation of Condition Monitoring Technique for Pumps Selection of equipment Selection of parameters / probe Selection of monitoring frequency Preparation of schedule Preparation of database. Actual monitoring and analysis Selection of monitoring frequency Daily (for critical equipments) Fortnightly (for sub critical equipments).) [Figure-12: Condition Monitoring Steps] Benefits of Condition monitoring Condition monitoring has become a proven method and has become essential part of industries as companies has proven its cost benefits. Condition monitoring gives early detection of wear out/damage. Condition Monitoring people tour the plant and picks up developing faults Deterioration is detected in time and repairs are scheduled. It minimises unnecessary shutdown and opening up of plant Cost of labour, material and loss of production is saved More satisfying work of maintenance, less effect of errors because of direct feedback of quality work. Judicious use of Condition monitoring can yield 10 to 20 times the initial outlay within first year (IK Dept trade Industry report, maintenance to late 1990s) Condition monitoring reassurance of safe continued operation(and vary effective when nursing on plant to a suitable maintenance opportunity) Condition Monitoring saves cost reduce spare usage and lower insurance. Cost Savings from Condition Monitoring A Quick cost saving estimate is made to calculate the cost saving easily. Quick cost saving estimate at each inspection saves delays. For example, a coupling is found broken and approximate to cause about 2 hours of delay leads to an unplanned maintenance job. The calculation: Cost A: If the coupling broke down without warning: Delay * Cost of Delay/hr + Direct maintenance cost (unplanned Unscheduled) + Potential damages Cost B: Maintenance during scheduled shutdown. Actual cost of maintenance: Delay (if any should be fixed in scheduled shutdown) * Cost of Delay/hr + direct maintenance cost (planned scheduled) + Damages(= 0) . A- B = Cost saving, which may be as high as thousands of Dollars Following is a Case study of Qatar Petroleum, which shows a huge saving of costs because of Condition Monitoring: Case Study: 141. K0302 FLUE GAS FAN Current Drawn before balancing the Fan: 83 Ampere Current drawn post balancing the fan : 76 Ampere Net Current reduction: 7 Amps (Hourly Average) Power Saving = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡3 x V x I x Cos  ¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡3 x 11 x 7 x 0.85 KWh Annual Cost Savings = 113.3X0.081X24X365 (Power Cost = 0.081QR/Kwh) = 80393 QR/Year Last Six Months Predicted Failures at Qatar Petroleum Standards used for condition monitoring (Source: http://www.iso.org) ISO 13381-1:2004 provides guidance. The basic purpose is to: Let the clients, manufacturers of condition monitoring and diagnostics systems to share general thoughts in the fields of machinery error analysis. Allow users to determine the essential information, characteristics and behaviour necessary for accurate estimate. Outlines an appropriate approach to predict development. Introduces predictions concepts in order to ease the development of future systems and training. ISO 18436-6:2008: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Prognostics Part 1: General guidelines ISO 18436-6:2008 states the needs for qualification and evaluation of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using acoustic production. A certificate or declaration of conformity to ISO 18436-6:2008 will provide credit of the qualifications and ability of individuals to perform acoustic production measurements and analysis machinery condition monitoring using acoustic emission equipment. This procedure may not apply to particular equipment or other explicit situations. ISO 18436-6:2008 specifies a three class classification programme. ISO 18434-1:2008 provides an introduction to the application of infrared thermography (IRT) to machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics, where machinery includes machine auxiliaries such as valves, fluid and electrically powered machines, and machinery-related heat exchanger equipment. In addition, IR applications pertaining to machinery performance assessment are addressed. ISO 18434-1:2008: introduces the terminology of IRT as it pertains to state checking and diagnostics of machines; explains the types of IRT procedures and their qualities; provides leadership on establishing cruelty appraisal criteria for anomalies identified by IRT; outlines methods and requirements for carrying out IRT of machines, including safety suggestions; provides information on data understanding, and appraisal criteria and reporting requests; provides measures for determining and compensating for reflected obvious temperature, emissivity, and attenuating media. ISO 18434-1:2008 also includes testing procedures for determining and recompense a reflected obvious temperature, emissivity, and attenuating media when measuring the exterior temperature of an aim with a quantitative IRT camera. ISO 18436-3:2008: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel Part 3: Requirements for training bodies and the training process ISO 18436-3:2008 defines the requirements for operating training programmes for personnel who carry out machinery condition monitoring, recognize machine faults, and propose corrective action. Procedures for training of condition monitoring and diagnostic personnel are specified. ISO 18436-7:2008  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel Part 7: Thermography ISO 18436-7:2008 specifies the requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using infrared thermography. An official document or declaration of conventionality to ISO 18436-7:2008 will provide recognition of the qualifications and competence of individuals to do thermal measurements and investigate machinery condition monitoring using moveable thermal imaging equipment. This procedure may not apply to particular equipment or other precise situations. ISO 18436-7:2008 specifies a three category classification programme. ISO 13373-1:2002  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vibration condition monitoring Part 1: General procedures ISO 13373-2:2005  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vibration condition monitoring Part 2: Processing, analysis and presentation of vibration data ISO 13373-2:2005 recommends actions for dealing out and presenting vibration data and analysing vibration signatures for the reason of monitoring the vibration state of rotating machinery, and performing diagnostics as suitable. Different methods are described for different applications. Signal improvement techniques and analysis methods used for the investigation of exacting machine dynamic phenomena are included. Many of these techniques can be applied to other machine types, as well as reciprocating machines. Example formats for the parameters that are commonly plotted for valuation and diagnostic purposes are as well given. ISO 13373-2:2005 is divided basically into two essential approaches when analysing vibration signals; the time domain and the frequency domain. Some approaches to the modification of diagnostic results, by changing the operational circumstances, are also covered. Pump Performance and the Effect of Wear Pumps wear as they are used but their efficiency can be maintained by Condition monitoring and accordingly refurbishment: [Figure-13: Effect of wear on pump characteristics] Source: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/solarec/index.htm (European commission Joint Research Center) [Figure-14: Average wear trends for maintained and unmaintained pumps] Source: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/solarec/index.htm (European commission Joint Research Center) Effect of internal wear on pump performance The effect of Internal wear on pump is dependent on type of Pump . Slurry pumps are Designed to cope with erosive liquids. Total operating cost can be reduced by improving wear life. Wear is increased by High Velocity, large solid size and high concentration. Chapter -6: Performance Analysis and Testing of Pumps for Condition Monitoring The aims of testing a systems pump performance are to: Record system pumps performance. Verifying the impeller size at present installed in the pump. Launch the system curve for the pumping system. Establish the operating point of the pump; i.e. the point where the pumps impeller curve intersects the system curve with the discharge valve throttled and with the discharge valve fully open. Measures the match between full flow flow delivered by the pump with the discharge valve fully open and the real plan flow requirement. Considers the implications of throttled discharge valves and opportunities to open discharge valves and adjust pump performance by means of trimming the impeller, changing the motor to get an incremental motor/pump speed change or installing a VFD to change the motor/pump speed to a non-incremental value. The objective of all of these modification techniques is to provide design flow without the head forced by the throttled valve. As a consequence, the system will advantage from reduced pump energy use and operating costs. Considers the flow variations produced in the system as different active elements are repositioned by their control processes. becomes aware of and make a diagnosis of other control or performance problems. Performance analysis needs performing data Temperature Pressure Flow Speed Power Efficiency Calculation [Figure-15: Pumps in System and relationship to Condition Monitoring] Chapter -7: Performance Analysis and its Application to Optimize Time for Overhaul The head test at Duty Point Like it is known that condition monitoring is used as a tool for Predicting maintenance requirements of pumps. The Head Flow examination is the essential way can be used to inspect assumed poor performance. (http://www.engineeringnet.be) Head flow measurement is a useful type of condition monitoring because it checks pump deterioration and also shows flaws in system resistance.. (Heinz P. Bloch) It is easier to determine the head. alter in volume according to the time can be easily measured if an appropriate vessel i